Anemia of chronic disease is a medical condition caused by various chronic illnesses and inflammation. It is characterized by a decrease in red blood cells and reduced levels of hemoglobin, causing fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. There are several synonyms that are used interchangeably to describe anemia of chronic disease, including anemia of inflammation, anemia of chronic inflammation, anemia of chronic illness, and anemia of chronic renal failure. While these terms differ in their specific causes and mechanisms, they share the common feature of being a consequence of chronic physical conditions or illnesses. Diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease involves blood tests and evaluation of underlying health conditions. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying condition and may include iron or vitamin supplements, blood transfusions, or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.